山西自考《英语(二)》课程讲义--Text A Aging in European Countries

山西自考网 发布时间:2013年06月07日

Text A Aging in European Countries

 

课文简介
  在过去50年中,欧洲国家的人口年龄结构经历了巨大的变化:所有的发达国家都进入了老龄化行列,并且老龄化的趋势还在继续。
  老龄化有诸多原因。一个社会的人口增长率越接近零,它的人口就可能越老龄化。造成老年人比率高的实际原因是出生率的下降, 而不是死亡率的下降。
  预期寿命正在变长。
  Para.1 Aged countries in Europe are briefly introduced
  
Paras.2-4 Different ideas about the problem are discussed.
  
Para.5 Expectation of life is becoming longer.

  
I.New Words
  1.classify    vt. 分类,把分等级;

  be classified as
  2.aged      a. 年老的,老的

  3.northwestern   a.在西北的,向西北的
  4.approximate   a./vt./vi. 近似的,大约的;近似,接近;
  5.paradox     n. 似非而可能是的论点,自相矛盾的话
  6.proportion    n.比率,比例
  7.dependency   n.从属;依赖
  independency on
  independent a 独立的

  8.advantageous   a. 有利的,有助的
  -ous是形容词后缀
  加前缀-dis就是反义
  9.liability     n. 责任,义务
  ability n.能力
  liability 负责
  它的形容词是liable 负责任的,有义务的
  10.inactive     a. 不活动的;不活跃的
  act v. 活跃
  active 活动的
  11.appreciation   n.欣赏,鉴赏;正确评价;感激,感谢;
  appreciate
  12.salient      a.突出的,凸起的

  13.resettlement    n.重新定居,重新安置
  14.acknowledge   vt.承认,表示感谢
  15.fore       ad./a/ n在前面, 先时的,先前的;前部
  16.gathering     n. 聚集,集会
  
gathering=meeting
  17.birthrate     n. 出生率

  18.elsewhere    ad. 在别处;向别处
  19.demography   n.人口统计学
  20.alter      v.. 改变,改动
  alterchange
  21.experiential    ad. 经验的,凭经验的

  22.continued    a. 继续的,连续的
  23.lengthen    vt./vi. 使延长,变长
  名词或形容词后面加"en"变为相应的动词,length→lengthen变长 wide→widen变宽
  24.wealthy     a. 富裕的,丰富的
  n+y=a.
  比如:sunn.
→sunny=a.
  
rain→rainy
  25.neglect     vt./n.忽视,忽略

  26.expectation   n.期待,估计寿命
  27.slippery     a.滑的,圆滑的
  28.demographer   n. 人口学家
  29.revision     n. 修订,修改
  30.upwards     ad.向上,趋向上升
  词组:Phrases and Expressions
  1.to approximate to    与接近

  2.to the fore       在前面,到前面;在显著地位
  3.resistance to      对的阻力
  be classified as      把分类为,把列为
  be due for        应该得到,该时候
  词汇精讲:
  1.classify: vt. 分类

  派生词:classification n. 分类;classical a. 古典的,经典的
  用法:classify … as 划分为;把列为
  The books in the library are classified according to subject.
  图书馆里的书是按照科目分类的。

  Memory can be classified as short-term memory and long-term memory.
  记忆可分为长期记忆和短期记忆。

  2.proportion:n.比率,比例
  词组:in proportion 成比例; out of proportion 不成比例

  The different parts of the house are in perfect proportion.
  这幢房子的各部分比例很匀称。

  His earnings are out of proportion to his skill and ability.
  他的收入与他的技术能力很不相称。

  The price of the article is out of proportion to its value.
  这件商品的价格与它的价值很不相称。

  3.appreciation : n. 欣赏,感激
  派生词:appreciate v.
  I have great appreciation of Shakespeare. 我非常欣赏莎士比亚。

  You should show appreciation for the things your friends do for you.
  你应当对你的朋友为你所做的事情表示感谢。

  Their appreciation of the performance was expressed in loud cheers.
  热烈的喝彩表达了他们对演出的赞赏。

  4.acknowledge : vt. 承认; 表示感谢
  He refused to acknowledge that he had done wrong.
  他拒绝承认自己做错了。

  We must acknowledge his letter. 我们必须告诉他已经收到了他的来信。
  He reluctantly acknowledged the mistakes in his statement.
  他勉强承认了他陈述的谬误之处。

  5.alter: v. 改变,改动
  The waiter apologized the altered the figure on the bill.
  服务员道了歉并把账单上的数目改了过来。

  The village hasn't altered much since the last time I was there.
  与我上次在那时相比,这个村子并没有多大的变化。

  Conditions have altered radically. 情况发生了根本的变化。

  6.lengthen : v. 使延长,变长,延伸
  派生词:length n. 长度,
  I'll have to lengthen this skirt. 我得把这条裙子放长。
  There is a plan to lengthen the three-year course to four years.
  有计划要将这个三年制课程延长为四年。

  7.neglectv./n. 忽视,忽略
  He neglected his studies, so he failed to pass the exam.
  他忽视了学业,因此没能通过考试。

  Don't neglect to lock the door when you leave. 离开时别忘了锁门。
  He always neglects his own health. 他总是不注意自己的健康。
  近义词:ignore v. 忽视,不顾(主要指故意忽视,不管);
  例:I said hello to her, but she ignored me completely.
  我向她打招呼,她竟不理睬我。

  I can't ignore his rudeness any longer. 我不能再无视他的粗鲁了。
  8.expectation: n. 期待,预料

  派生词:expect v. 期待,期望
  The size of the loss was beyond all of our expectations.
  损失的数目超出了我们所有人的预料。

  There are widespread expectations that the UK will cut its interest rate.
  人们普遍预测英国会降低利率。

  词组:phrases
  1.to approximate to: 大体是,近于,近似,与接近

  Your latest design approximates much more closely to what I understand the building to be like.
  你的最新设计与我所想的那房子的模样接近得多了。

  His description of the event approximated to the truth.
  他对事件的描述接近事实。

  2.resistance to: 的阻力,抵制
  There will be fierce resistance to these proposals.
  这些提议将会遭到激烈的抵制。

  
She has little resistance to germs and so is often ill.
  她对病菌缺乏抵抗力,因而经常生病。


  II.重点句子讲解
  Aging in European Countries
  We have to realize how old, how very old, we are. Nations are classified as "aged" when they have 7 per cent or more of their people aged 65 or above, 1and by about 1970 every one of the advanced countries had become like this.Of the really ancient societies, with over 13 per cent above 65, all are in Northwestern Europe.2At the beginning of the I980's East Germany had 15.6 per cent, Austria, Sweden, West Germany and France had 13.4 per cent or above, and England and Wales 13.3 per cent. Scotland had 12.3 per cent. Northern Ireland 10.8 per cent and the United States 9.9 per cent. We know that we are getting even older, and that the nearer a society approximates to zero population growth, the older its population is likely to be - at least, for any future that concerns us now.3

  (1Nations are classified as "aged" when they have 7 percent or more of their people aged 65 or above.
  当一个国家有7% 或更多的人到65岁或65岁以上时,这个国家就被列为老龄化国家之列。

  本句中are classified as 是一个动词短语,意为"分类为"as 作主语补足语;
  句中when 引导一个时间状语从句。above 在此句中的意思是"以上"
  (2)该句的正常语序为All of the really ancient societies, with over 13 percent above 65, are in Northwestern Europe。由于主语中心词all与谓语动词are 间隔太长,因此倒装以显得紧凑。with over 13 per cent above 65 "13%以上的人超过65"
  (3)主句we know 后边有两个由that 引导的宾语从句。

  在第二个宾语从句中用了"就越"的结构。
  To these now familiar facts a number of further facts may be added, some of them only recently recognized.4There is the apparent paradox that the effective cause of the high proportion of the old is births rather than deaths5There is the economic principle that the dependency ratio - the degree to which those who cannot earn depend for a living on those who can - is more advantageous in older societies like ours than in the younger societies of the developing world, because lots of dependent babies are more of a liability than numbers of the inactive aged.6There is the appreciation of the salient historical truth that the aging of advanced societies has been a sudden change.
  (4)本句用了倒装语序,正常语序为A number of further facts may be added to these now familiar facts, some of them only recently recognized.这里使用倒装语序是为了与上文连贯。some of them only recently recognized 是过去分词的独立结构,作伴随状语。

  (5)该句中that 引导同位语从句修饰paradox,
  有这样一个似非而是的论点:造成老年人比率高的真正原因是出生人数而不是死亡人数。

  (6)本句是一句含有多个从句的长句,该句中that引导同位语从句修饰 principle ,同位语从句的主语是There is the economic principle ,谓语是 is more advantageous ,破折号之间的部分是对于the dependency ratio 的解释。在这个破折号中的成分中含有3个从句,to which 引导一个定语从句修饰前面的名词degree, 后面的两个who 引导的从句分别修饰前面的代词those。句中同位语从句的主要结构为"the dependency ration… is more advantageous in …. than in…."。句末的because 引导的是一个原因状语从句,修饰前面的主句。
  句意为:有这样一条经济原则:抚养率--即不能赚钱养活自己的人对能挣钱养家的人的依赖程度--在我们这样老龄化社会里比发展中世界的较年轻社会里要更有利,因为大量需要抚养的孩子与大批不能工作的老年人相比,更是一个负担。
  If "revolution" is a rapid resettlement of the social structure, and if the age composition of the society counts as a very important aspect of that social structure, then there has been a social revolution in European and particularly Western European society within the lifetime of everyone over 50.7Taken together, these things have implications which are only beginning to be acknowledged.8These facts and circumstances were well to the fore earlier this year at a world gathering about aging as a challenge to science and to policy, held at Vichy in France.9
  (7)句,该句是由两个有if 引导的条件从句加上一个主句。
  (8)句中taken together 是一个过去分词短语作状语;which 引导一个定语从句,修饰前面的名词implications
  (9)句中about aging as a challenge to science and to policy, held at Vichy in France.都是 a world gathering(世界大会)的后置定语,前者说明会议的主题(老龄化对科学与政策的挑战),后者说明会议的举办地点(法国维希)。
  There is often resistance to the idea that it is because the birthrate fell earlier in Western and Northwestern Europe than elsewhere, rather than because of any change in the death rate, that we have grown so old.10But this is what elementary demography makes clear. Long life is altering our society, of course, but in experiential terms. We have among us a very much greater experience of continued living than any society that has ever preceded us anywhere, and this will continue.11But too much of that lengthened experience, even in the wealthy West, will be experience of poverty and neglect, unless we do something about it.
  (10)句的主干结构是 " There is often resistance to the idea…." 其中idea有一个that 引导的同位语从句,而同位语从句本身又是一个强调句,即it is ….that … 结构,被强调的是一个原因状语从句。注意此句被强调部分较长。

  (11)句中among us 作谓语动词have 的状语,正常的语序为We have a very much greater experience of continued living among us than any society that has ever preceded us anywhere, and this will continue. 由于宾语过长,所以将状语among us 提前。
  译文为: 我们比以前任何一个社会更经历着长寿,这种情况还将继续下去。
  If you are now in your thirties, you ought to be aware that you can expect to live nearly one third of the rest of your life after the age of 60. The older you are nowof course, the greater this proportion will be, and greater still if you are a woman. Expectation of life is a slippery figure, very easy to get wrong at the highest ages. At Vichy the demographers were telling each other that their estimates of how many old there would be and how long they will live in countries like England and Wales are due for revision upwards.12
  (12At Vichy 作地点状语;从that 到句子结束是一个宾语从句,作谓语动词tell的宾语;在宾语从句中还含有两句how 引导的宾语从句, " how many old there would be" " how long they will live in countries like England and Wales"分别作介词of 的宾语。
  due :应付的
  dur for Our salary scales are due for revision.
  People are now very happy on April 15, when the federal taxes are due.

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