山西自考《英语(二)》课程讲义--Text B Controlling your concentration

山西自考网 发布时间:2013年06月07日

Text B Controlling your concentration

 

New Words
  1.span n. 1.指距,一拃宽;2.跨距;3.一段时间

  2.fluctuate vi. 1.波动,起伏;2.动摇,不定;vt. 使波动,使起伏
  3.fluctuation n. 波动,起伏
  4.tick n.(钟表的)滴答声;vi.(钟表的)滴答响
  5.fade vi. 1.凋谢,枯萎;2.(颜色)褪去;3.(声音等)衰弱下去;vt.使褪色
  6.illusion n. 错觉;幻觉
  7.duration n. 持续;持续时间
  8.infrequent a. 很少发生的
  9.illustration n.1.说明;2.例证,插图
  10.moderate a.1.中等的,适度的;2.温和的,有节制的
  11.distraction n.1.精神涣散,精神不集中;2.消遣,娱乐
  12.distractor n. 分散注意力的东西
  13.focal a.焦点的
  14.remedy n. 1.治疗;2.补救(法);vt. 1.治疗;2.补救,纠正
  15.fearful a. 1.可怕的,吓人的;2.害怕的,胆怯的
  16.productivity n. 1.生产率;2.丰饶,多产
  17.finance n. 1.财政,金融;2.经费,资金
  18.retention n. 保持;保留
  19.distract vt. 分散(注意,心思等);使人分心
  20.adversely ad. 1.相反地;2.不利地,有害地
  21.appreciate vt. 1.欣赏,鉴赏;2.正确评价,鉴别;3.感激,感谢
  22.contrary a. 相反的,相对的,与相反(to
  23mislead vt. 带错路,使错或做错
  24.motivation n. 动机;动力
  25.inefficient a. 无效的;效率低的
  26.exceptional a. 1.例外的;2.异常的,特殊的
  27.hinder vt. 阻止; 妨碍(from
  28.typical a. 典型的,代表性的
  Phrases and Expressions
  1.to date 到目前为止

  2.to attend to 专心;注意;照顾
  3.to make the grade 取得成功,达到理想标准
  4.to fall apart 四分五裂;崩溃
  5.be true of 符合于,对适用
  重点词汇:
  span n. 跨度,一段时间
  例:She has a wide span of responsibility in her new job.
  她在新工作中要负责很多事情。

  Children's attention span is poor.
  儿童的注意力集中时间很短。

  fluctuate v. 波动,起伏
  例:Vegetable prices fluctuate according to the season.
  蔬菜的价格随季节而波动。

  fade v. 凋谢,枯萎,褪色,(声音等)变弱
  例:The voice on the radio faded out. 收音机里面的声音逐渐小了。
  illusion n. 幻觉,错觉
  例:I have no illusions about his ability. 我对他的能力不存幻想。
  5.moderate : a. 中等的,适度的,温和的
  I'm a moderate drinker .我是一个饮酒适量的人。
  He is well-known as a moderate in the party. 他作为该党中一个温和派人士而著称。
  6.finance : n. 财政,金融;资金,经费
  派生词:financial a . 财政的,金融的
  We've had some difficulty raising finance for the project. 我们在为这个项目筹集资金的过程中遇到过一些困难。
  If you do have financial difficulty, you can apply for a student loan. 如果你确实经济上有困难,可以申请学生贷款。
  7.appreciate : vt 欣赏,鉴赏,感激,感谢
  派生词:appreciation n. 欣赏,鉴赏
  用法:appreciate 后接动名词作宾语。
  We shall appreciate hearing from you again. 我们将乐于再收到你的信。
  You can't appreciate English poetry unless you understand its rhythm.
  你不懂英文诗的韵律,就不能欣赏英文诗。

  课文精讲
  Controlling your concentration
  
CONCENTARATION IS CENTERING YOUR ATTENTION
  Psychologically defined, concentration is the process of centering one's attention over a period of time. In practical application, however, concentration is not as simple to deal successfully with as the definition may imply. For this reason, it is helpful to keep the following points in mind.

  1.For this reason, it is helpful to keep the following points in mind.
  be helpful to …. 很有益;

  keep …. in mind 记在心里;
  译文:因此,记住下列几点是很有帮助的。

  Your attention span varies
  Even with the greatest effort, our span of attention fluctuates. You can demonstrate for yourself this fluctuation of attention. In a quiet room, place a watch so that it can just scarcely be heard. Listen carefully and notice how the ticking increases in apparent intensity, fades to a point where it cannot be heard, and then increases again.
This phenomenon reveals how our span of attention fluctuates, for the intensity of the ticking is actually constant.
  
2.In a quiet room, place a watch so that it can just scarcely be heard.
  该句主句是祈使句
place a watch
  so that 引导目的状语从句

  译文:在一个安静的房间里,放一块表,表的声音几乎刚刚能听见。
  3.Listen carefully and notice how the ticking increases in apparent intensity, fades to a point where it cannot be heard, and then increases again.
  where it cannot be heard 是定语从句修饰
point
  译文:注意听表的嘀嗒声 ,并且注意表的嘀嗒声怎样明显增大,然后小到听不见,然后又变大。

  You pay attention to one thing at a time
  Evidence to date indicates that you attend to one idea at a time. It is possible for your attention to shift so rapidly that it seems that you attend to several concepts at once.
But apparently this is only an illusion. In high concentration the shift from the focus of attention is of short duration and relatively infrequent.
  
4.It is possible for your attention to shift so rapidly that it seems that you attend to several concepts at once.
  so …that…结果状语从句

  全句意为:你的注意有可能转移得十分迅速,以至于好像你同时能够专心于几个想法。
  An illustration of periods of high, moderate, and low attention
  High attention has long periods of attending and short distraction periods. In low attention the periods of attending are short and the distraction periods long. In moderate attention there is a mixture of the extremes. Thus it is easy to see that it is highly unlikely that the student who has most of his attention centered on fancying at large will be able to recall even the major points of a lecture.

  Thus it is easy to see that it is highly unlikely that the student who has most of his attention centered on fancying at large will be able to recall even the major points of a lecture.
  see 之后是一个由that引导的宾语从句,在 that 引导的宾语从句中, 含有一个who引导的定语从句修饰the student

  译文:这样我们可以很容易地看到,如果一个学生的大部分注意力用于自由幻想,即使是讲课要点,他也不可能回想起来。

  Lack of concentration is a symptom, not the cause, of difficulty. When a student says “I can’t concentrate”, what he is really saying is, “I can’t attend to the task at hand because my distractors are too strong.”
  
DISTARCTORS ARE OF TWO SORTS —PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL
  A distractor is anything which causes attention to vary from a central focal point. In the study situation distractors may be thought of as either psychological or physical in nature.
Both types of distractors must be understood before the student can attempt to remedy his lack of concentration.
  
In the study situation distractors may be thought of as either psychological or physical in nature.
   thought of as 看作,认为

  译文:在学习的情况下,干扰物实际上可以被认为是心理的或者是物质的。

  Emotions are the most powerful distractors
  The angry man forgets the pain of injury, the fearful man finds it difficult to enjoy pleasure and the tense or anxious person may react violently to the smallest of matters.
In the student’s life there are many psychological pressures and tensions which block effective productivity. The fears about making the grade, the doubts of the friendliness of a friend’s behaviour and the pressures of limited finances — these are only a few of the emotional forces which affect the student.
  
7.The angry man forgets the pain of injury, the fearful man finds it difficult to enjoy pleasure and the tense of anxious person may react violently to the smallest of matters.
  react … to 有反应

  全句大意:愤怒的人会忘记伤痛,人害怕的时候很难享受快乐,人在紧张或焦虑的时候可能对非常小的事情做出强烈的反应。
  Emotional reaction varies greatly from person to person. Some person gain goal and direction from their tensions and actually do better because of them. Others fall apart under pressure ,while a few people do well despite the pressure.
  
8.Emotional reaction varies greatly from person to person.
  
vary … from …. to …
  全句大意:人与人的情绪反应差异很大。

  Physical distractors are always present and rarely understood
  Our environment is much more important to how we feel and react than we often think. Particularly is this true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks.
One research report has shown that comprehension and retention of reading were decreased when students listened to lively music. However, rate of reading was not affected , so that many students were not aware that they were affected by the background distractor. Another study found that the ability to recall accurately was affected by distracting conditions. Most of the evidence indicates that noise affects adversely higher mental task output. Still, the effect of distractors is seldom fully appreciated by students.
  
9.Our environment is much more important to how we feel and react than we often think.
  本句中much more … than … 结构表示远比得多….how we feel and react 是介词to 的宾语从句。

  全句大意:环境对于我们如何感觉和反应的重要性比我们所想的要大得多。
  10.Particularly is this true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks.
  此句是倒装句结构,正常语序为:
This is particularly true of the effect of physical distractors on mental tasks.
  全句大意为:物理性干扰对需要动脑筋完成的作业的影响尤其如此。

  ROUTINE AND REASONING TASKS ARE AFFECTED DIFFERENTLY BY DISTARCTORS
  Many routine tasks can be performed with distraction in the background with little or no adverse effect on output. Most students have found this fact to be true from their own experience. They may have had high school homework which was drill or merely copying assignments. It was possible to do such work with the latest recordings or the television set playing in the background. In time such students began to feel certain that they could do all work — routine or problem- solving —in the same manner.
The evidence indicates the contrary conclusion.
  
11.In time such students began to feel certain that they could do all work----routine or problem-solving ----in the same manner.
  In time 最后,在不定的时间内,最终

  feel certain 相当于feel sure,意为感到肯定
  本句中that引导宾语从句

  最后(终于)这些学生开始确信,他们能用同样的方式完成作业,无论是常规性的还是解决问题性的。
  EXCEPTIONS MAY MISLEAD YOU
  Typically when students are faced with the evidence on distractors the argument is given that their cousin, friend, or classmate can study in “Grand Central Station.” And he makes “all A’s” too! There is evidence, of course. That motivation plays an important role in overcoming the effects of distractors and that there are considerable differences in individual spans of attention. Either of these factors could account for some individuals being able to do well using inefficient methods. The fact that some exceptional people do well under adverse conditions scarcely justifies your assuming that you are exceptional in the same manner.
Your chances of success are higher if you avoid the distractors which are known to hinder the typical student.
  
12.Typically when students are faced with the evidence on distractors the argument is given that their cousin, friend, or classmate can study in “Grand Central Station”.
  that 引导同位语从句,修饰
the argument
  典型的情况是,当要求学生们拿出关于干扰物的证据时,他们提出自己的表兄弟、朋友或同学能在纽约的中央火车站学习。

  13.There is evidence, of course, that motivation plays an important role in overcoming the effects of distractors and that there are considerable differences in individual spans of attention.
  Play an important role in ….起到一个重要作用。

  当然,有证据表明,学习动机在克服干扰的影响方面起作用,并且每个人的注意力广度相差很大。
  
14.Either of these factors could account for some individuals being able to do well using inefficient methods.
  account for : 解释的原因
,
  这两种因素中的哪一种都能解释某些人用效率不高的方法都能学得很好。

  15.The fact that some exceptional people do well under adverse conditions scarcely justifies your assuming that you are exceptional in the same manner.
  第一个 that 引导同位语从句, 第二个that 是动名词assuming 的宾语从句

  justify 意为证明…”,它的宾语是动名词assuming
  物主代词your 是动名词assuming的逻辑主语。
  译文:一些特殊的人在不利条件下能学得好,这一事实绝不能证明:你有理由认为自己在同样的条件下也是特殊的。

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