山西自考《英语(二)》课程讲义--语 法 一些常用介词的基本词义和用法辩异

山西自考网 发布时间:2013年06月07日

法 一些常用介词的基本词义和用法辩异

 


  一、介词(前置词)preposition
  定义:起介绍、媒介作用的词

  位置:通常放在名词、短语或从句之前。介词+宾语=介词短语(prepositional phrase
  介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一。它是虚词,不能单独作句子成分,但是介词有其基本的词意。
  介词的搭配能力很强,介词短语用于表达种种不同的意思,还可以担任句子成分,(表、定、状语和补语)。介词的使用主要是习惯问题,英语中大部分惯用语都是由介词与其他词的搭配构成的。
  如何正确使用介词?做到两点:了解基本词意和记忆常用的固定搭配
  1.表示时间的介词(三组)
  (1atinon
during
  at 表示确切的时间点或较短暂的一段时间。

  in表示一天中的各部分时间,如上午、下午、晚上等,或较长的时间,如星期、月、季、年、年代、世纪等。
  on表示具体的某一天或某一天的上午或下午等。
  during表示一段时间,强调时间的延续,意为"………期间""……过程"
  (2
for, since
  for也表示一段时间,强调时间是经过的长久。表示时间区间,可长可短。

  Since表示"从某时其直到现在"之意常用于带有完成体动词的句子中。从某时起到现在。
  (3from, by
  from 表示从某时起到某个时间,这个时间可以是过去、现在或将来。

  by表示到某时止不迟于在某时以前
  2.表示地点的介词(五组)
  (1inat, into, within
  (2
over,above
  (3
under, below, beneath
  (4
at, to, towards, for
  (5
between, among(st)
  3.意义相近,容易混淆的介词(三组)

  (1)关于 of, about, on
  (2)由于
due to, owing to
  (3)除去
except, except for
  补充一点: besidesexcept的区别及举例

  besides 是除之外还有… except是整个除外,还除
  
Our teacher invited five of us besides Tom.
  除了汤姆以外我们老师还邀请了我们五个人。(除了以外还有)

  Our teacher invited all of us except Tom.
  除了汤姆,我们老师邀请了所有的人。(除去,没有,排除在外,不包括在内)

  
  二、that引导名词从句和定语从句的用法
  1.that 引导名词从句(主语、宾语、表语、同位语从句)作连接词时,在从句中无实际意义,也不担任句子成分。
  (主语从句)It is strange that she didn't come yesterday.
  (宾语从句)
They say (that) he is much better.
  
We consider it necessary that a plan should be made before doing a work.
  (表语从句)
One idea is that fish is the best brain food .
  (同位语从句
)There is no doubt that many people benefit from heart surgery.
  2.that 引导限制性定语从句,作关系代词代替先行词,在从句中担任主语、宾语或表语。

  (在第二单元中,讲了that which 引导定语从句的区别)
  Here is the pen that / which you lost last night.
  
The woman that / who you saw in the park is our English teacher.

  练

  一、英译汉重点单词词组:
  1.research 2.attach 3.underlie 4.relevant 
5.positive
  6.possession 7.desirable 8.relaxation 9.occupation 
10.urban
  11.acquire 
12.participation
  be concerned with be relevant to 
to set … as objective

  二、英译汉重点句子

  1.People in advanced industrial societies are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure.
  
2.The importance people attach to paid holidays and the rapid development of services for mass entertainment and recreation are signs of this increasing concern.
  
3.The specific use of leisure varies from individual to individual.
  
4.Since leisure is basically self-determined, one is able to take to one's interests and preferences and get involved in an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction.
  
5.Basically, such attitudes amount to a recognition that leisure is an important area of life and a belief that Leisure can and should be put to good use.
  
6.For example, the degree to which and the ways in which a school encourages participation in games, sports and cultural pursuits are likely to contribute to the shaping of leisure attitudes on the part of the students.
  
7.Schools usually set as their educational objective the attainment of a balanced development of the person.
  
8.The more seriously this is sought, the more likely positive attitudes towards leisure as well as academic work will be encouraged.
  

  三、汉译英
  1.生活质量这一术语涉及很广泛。
  The term"quality of life" covers a very wide scope.
  2.在生活节奏快,工作压力大的社会中,放松一下有利于健康。

  In a fast-paced stressful society, it is good for health to set aside some time to relax oneself.
  
It's good for one's health to find time to relax in a society of fast-paced and stressful work.
  3.人们的兴趣和爱好与社会环境和个人学习经历有关。

  People 's interests and hobbies are related to social contexts and their learning experiences.
  
People's interests and preferences are all related to social contexts and individual learning experiences.
  4.积极的休闲态度是鼓励人们创造性地利用空闲时间的基础。

  The positive attitude towards leisure is the foundation to encourage people's creative use of their spare time.
  
A positive leisure attitude is the foundation for motivating people to use their leisure in a creative way .
  5.研究与观察结果表明,人们越来越关心生活的质量。

  The findings of research and observation indicate that people are more and more concerned with the quality of life.
  
Observations and researches indicate that people are increasingly concerned with the quality of life.
  

  四、历年考题
  1.A good schedule must have a little give so that special projects can _____(take) care of properly. (99.4)
  答案:be taken

  考点:情态动词的被动语态。

  2.Since leisure is basically self-determined, one should get involved _____ an activity in ways that will bring enjoyment and satisfaction. (99.4)
  
A. in
  
B. of
  
C. towards
  
D. with
  答案:
A .
  考点:词组 get /be involved in 参与;卷入

  
3.The importance of these _____(vary) according to the nature of one's job and one's lifestyle. (99.10)
  答案:
varies
  考点:一般现在时单数第三人称形式。

  4.This will not only keep the study habit alive but also _____(keep) you up to date on your class assignments and projects.
  答案:keep

  考点:not only but also 后的词的形式应一致。
  5.The specific use of leisure _____ from individual to individual. (00.4)
  
A. ranges
  
B. distinguishes
  
C. varies
  
D. covers
  答案:C

  分析:此题考查不及物动词vary 的用法。搭配为:vary … from … to 各不相同。
  6.The more time you waste, the ______(easy) it is to continue wasting time. 00.4
  答案:easier
  考点:the more … the more 句型,表示…”
  7.Such attitudes amount to a belief _____ leisure can and should be put to good use. (01.4)
  
A. which
  
B. if
  
C. whether
  
D. that
  答案:that

  考点:that 引导同位语从句修饰belief
  
8.This will not only keep the study habit alive but also keep you up to _____ on your class assignments and projects. (01.4)
  
A. day
  
B. date
  
C. number
  
D. time
  答案:B

  考点:词组 up to date 最新的,keep you up to date 表示跟得上
  9.汉译英:人们越来越关注休闲的机会。(99.4
  答案: People are increasingly concerned with opportunities for leisure.
  10.汉译英:众所周知,即使同样的休闲活动,不同的人使用的方式也不同。
(00.4)
  答案:It is well known that even the same leisure activity may be used differently by different individuals.

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